Answer
Short Answer: The Ten Commandments are the well-known instructions, the essence of the Torah, which Allah revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai, peace and blessings be upon him. These commandments are among the core teachings of Judaism and Christianity that are taught to children at an early age, and all of them are included within the teachings of Islam. As such, these commandments can be the basis of interfaith dialogue and mutually-beneficial cooperation between Muslims, Jews, and Christians. They are the “common word” for which we can all come together in agreement.
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In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful
The Ten Commandments in Islam
The Ten Commandments are the well-known instructions, the essence of the Torah, which Allah revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai, peace and blessings be upon him. The commandments prohibit the major sins of idolatry, impiety, disrespect for parents, murder, theft, adultery, false witness, and envy.
These commandments are among the core teachings of Judaism and Christianity that are taught to children at an early age, and all of them are included within the teachings of Islam. Some believe these commands go back as far as the seven laws of Noah, peace and blessings be upon him.
Basis of Interfaith Dialogue
As such, these commandments can be the basis of interfaith dialogue and mutually-beneficial cooperation between Muslims, Jews, and Christians. They are the “common word” for which we can all come together in agreement.
Allah said:
Say: O people of the Book, let us come to a common word between us, that we will not worship anything but Allah, we will not associate anything with Him, and we will not take one another as lords instead of Allah. But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we submit to Allah.
Surat Ali Imran 3:64
Love for Allah and Love for our Neighbors
These common teachings can be distilled into two main principles: love for Allah and love for our neighbors. In other words, we should respect the rights of Allah by holding sound beliefs and performing acts of worship in the best manner, and we should respect the rights of people by treating them in the way we would love to be treated. All of the divine revelations throughout history are founded upon these two principles.
Abdullah Al-Hashimi reported: I came to Tawus, may Allah have mercy on him, and he said to me, “Would you like me to summarize in this sitting all of the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, and the Quran?” I said yes. Tawus said:
Fear Allah the Exalted more than anything else, hope in Allah more intensely than you fear him, and love for people what you love for yourself.
Source: Hilyat al-Awliyā 4693
Similar Ten Commandments Passage in the Quran
The closest single passage in similarity to the Ten Commandments occurs in the chapter of the cattle (surat al-an’am). In this passage, many of these biblical commandments are restated, with a heavy emphasis on fulfilling the rights of Allah and the rights of people.
Allah said:
Say: Come and I will recite what your Lord has forbidden for you, that you not associate anything with Him, and be good to parents. Do not kill your children out of poverty, for We will provide for you and them. Do not approach lewdness, whether it is public or private. Do not kill the soul which Allah has made sacred except by right of justice. This He has instructed you that you may reason. Do not approach the property of the orphans, except in a way that is best, until he reaches maturity. Give full measure and weight in justice. We do not charge any soul except within its capability. When you testify, be just even if it concerns a relative, and fulfill the covenant of Allah. This He has instructed you that you may remember. And this is My straight path, so follow it and do not follow other ways, lest you be separated from His way. This He has instructed you that you will be righteous.
Surat al-An’am 6:151-153
The Will and Testament of Prophet Muhammad
This passage explicitly and implicitly expresses the moral foundations of the Muslim community. In fact, some of the Prophet’s companions considered this passage to be the will and testament of Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him.
Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
Whoever is pleased to look at the will which has upon it the seal of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, then let him recite these verses, “Say: Come and I will recite to you what your Lord has forbidden…” (6:151) until he reaches the verse, “…that you will be righteous.” (6:153)
Source: Sunan al-Tirmidhī 3070, Grade: Hasan
With this in mind, we find that the parallel sayings to the Ten Commandments are conveyed all throughout the Quran and Sunnah. The following are some prominent instances in which Muslims are instructed to uphold these teachings:
First commandment: You shall have no other gods before Me
Allah said:
Your God is one God. There is no God but him, the Gracious, the Merciful
Surat al-Baqarah 2:163
And Allah said:
Say: I am only a man like you to whom it has been revealed that your God is one God, so take a straight path to him and seek his forgiveness.
Surat Fussilat 41:6
Second commandment: You shall not make idols
Allah said:
Do not call upon another god alongside Allah. There is no God but him. Everything will perish but his countenance. Judgment belongs to him, and to him you will return.
Surat al-Qasas 28:88
And Allah said:
They are nothing but names you have named, you and your forefathers, for which Allah has not revealed any authority. They follow nothing but assumption and what their souls desire, yet there has already come to them guidance from their Lord.
Surat al-Najm 53:23
Abdullah reported: I said, “O Messenger of Allah, what is the greatest sin?” The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
To make a partner with Allah although he alone created you.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5655, Grade: Sahih
Third commandment: You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain
Allah said:
Unto Allah belong the best names, so call upon him by them and leave those who violate the sanctity of his names.
Surat al-A’raf 7:180
And Allah said:
When you see those who engage in offensive discourse concerning Our verses, then turn away from them until they engage in another conversion.
Surat al-An’am 6:68
Fourth commandment: Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy
Allah said:
O you who believe, when the prayer is announced on Friday, then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew.
Surat al-Jumu’ah 62:9
Salman Al-Farisi reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
No one takes a bath on Friday, purifies himself as much as he can, uses oil or perfume in his house, then proceeds for prayer and does not separate two persons sitting together, then prays as much as is written for him and remains silent while the prayer leader is delivering the sermon, except that his minor sins between this Friday and the previous would be forgiven.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 843, Grade: Sahih
Fifth commandment: Honor your father and your mother
Allah said:
Worship Allah and associate nothing with him, and be good to parents and relatives.
Surat al-Nisa 4:36
Abu Huraira reported: A man asked the Prophet, “Who is most deserving of my good company?” The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
Your mother.
The man asked, “Then who?” The Prophet said:
Your mother.
The man asked again, “Then who?” The Prophet said:
Your mother.
The man asked again, “Then who?” The Prophet said:
Your father.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5626, Grade: Muttafaqun Alayhi
Sixth commandment: You shall not murder
Allah said:
The believers are those who do not call upon another god alongside Allah or kill the soul which Allah has made sacred except by right of justice.
Surat al-Furqan 25:68
Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
The killer is not a believer while he is killing.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 6809, Grade: Sahih
Seventh commandment: You shall not commit adultery
Allah said:
Do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is immoral and an evil way.
Surah al-Isra 17:32
Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
The adulterer is not a believer while he is committing adultery.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 2343, Grade: Muttafaqun Alayhi
Eighth commandment: You shall not steal
Allah said:
Do not consume the wealth of each other in falsehood.
Surat al-Baqarah 2:188
Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
The thief is not a believer while he is stealing. The plunderer is not a believer while he is plundering and the people are watching him.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī2343, Grade: Muttafaqun Alayhi
Ninth commandment: You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor
Allah said:
O you who believe, fear Allah and always speak the truth.
Surat al-Ahzab 33:70
And Allah said:
Follow not your whims, let you be unjust. If you distort your testimony or withhold it, then Allah is aware of what you are doing.
Surat al-Nisa 4:135
Abdullah ibn Mas’ud reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
Verily, truthfulness leads to righteousness and righteousness leads to Paradise. A man may speak the truth until he is recorded with Allah as truthful. Verily, falsehood leads to wickedness and wickedness leads to the Hellfire. A man may tell lies until he is recorded with Allah as a liar.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2607, Grade: Sahih
Tenth commandment: You shall not covet
Allah said:
Do they envy people for what Allah has given them of his bounty?
Surat an-Nisa 4:54
Anas ibn Malik reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
Do not hate each other, do not envy each other, do not turn away from each other, but rather be servants of Allah as brothers.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2559, Grade: Sahih
Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
Beware of envy, for it consumes good deeds just as fire consumes wood or grass.
Source: Sunan Abī Dāwūd 4903, Grade: Hasan
As we can see, the Ten Commandments are entirely compatible with Islam and they are, in reality, the essence of all divine revelations. They can be the best point of departure for sharing Islam with Jews and Christians, and working together in fulfillment of our ethical obligations.
Success comes from Allah, and Allah knows best.
This answer first appeared at abuaminaelias.com. It is republished with kind permission with slight editorial modifications.