Answer
Wa `alaykum as-Salamu wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuh.
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
All praise and thanks are due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon His Messenger.
In this fatwa:
Fasting on Muharram 9 and 10 is highly encouraged in Islam and was practiced by Prophet Muhammad. It commemorates the day when Allah saved Prophet Musa and his people. The Prophet fasted Ashura and recommended adding the 9th day to distinguish it from other traditions. Scholars consider Muharram the best month for voluntary fasting after Ramadan. Fasting on Muharram 9th is as an expiation for the sins committed in the previous year.
Explaining the virtues of fasting on the 9th and the 10th of Muharram, Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi, former President of the Islamic Society of North America, states:
The Historical Background of Ashura Fasting
It is the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) to fast on the 9th and 10th of Muharram.
The Prophet used to fast on the day of Ashura. When he came to Madinah, he found out that the Jews of Madinah were also fasting on this day remembering Prophet Musa (peace be upon him). The Prophet admired this tradition and said to the Jews, โI am closer to Musa than you are.โ He fasted and he also told his Companions to fast on this day.
Why the 9th Day Was Added to the Fast
Later, before the end of his life, the Prophet told Muslims to add the 9th day also. Thus, it is recommended to fast on both the 9th and 10th of Muharram.
Moreover, in his well-known book, Fiqh As-Sunnah, the late Sheikh Sayyed Sabiq states:
Best Voluntary Fasting After Ramadan
Abu Hurairah reported: โI asked the Prophet: โWhich Prayer is the best after the obligatory Prayers?โ He said: โPrayer during the mid of the night.โ I asked: โWhich fasting is the best after that of Ramadan?โ He said, โThe month of Allah that you call Muharramโ.โ (Ahmad, Muslim, and Abu Dawud)
Humayd ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf heard Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan say from the pulpit on the day of Ashura in the year in which he made the hajj, โPeople of Madinah, where are your learned men? I heard the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) say about this day, โThis is the day of Ashura, and fasting it has not been prescribed for you. I am fasting it, and whoever of you wants to fast it can do so, and whoever does not want to, does not have to.โ (Al-Muwatta)
Three Levels of Fasting on Ashura
It is noteworthy that Muslim scholars have stated that fasting of Ashura is of three levels as follows:
- Fasting for three days, i.e., on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of Muharram.
- Fasting the 9th and 10th of Muharram.
- Fasting only the 10th of Muharram.
Allah Almighty knows best.
Editorโs note: This fatwa is from Ask the Scholarโs archive and was originally published at an earlier date.