Answer
Short Answer: Hindus believe the soul from all eternity is undergoing birth and rebirth. This is according to the inviolable law of karma. Thus is born the doctrine of the re-incarnation of the soul, which is a corollary of the doctrine of karma. Islam accepts the idea that every soul has to face the consequences of its actions: There is no escaping it. Islam teaches that the Almighty God has given humans freedom, though within limits. But Islam does not believe in an unchanging law of karma and rebirth, where man is rather helpless.
_____________________________________
Salam (Peace) Mohamed,
Thank you very much for contacting About Islam with your question.
The three basic beliefs of Islam are: tawheed, the mission (or prophethood), and the afterlife.
Tawheed is the belief in One God.
The mission is the belief in the prophets as the carriers of the Divine Guidance.
The afterlife is for man’s accountability for his actions here, which means he needs to face a judgment that takes him to heaven or hell.
Hindu Beliefs
According to the Hindus, humans consists of a soul (atman) and a body (sarira).
The union between the soul and the body is a type of imprisonment; it is a penalty which the atman has to undergo owing to avidya and karma, two basic presuppositions of Hinduism.
Avidya here signifies the ignorance of the true nature of the atman, which causes the atman, which is eternal, to be joined to the body, which is temporal.
In this Hindu belief, birth is the union of the eternal and spiritual, the atman with the material and temporal body.
The Law of Karma in Hinduism
The condition of the body to which the atman gets united depends on karma.
Karma, signifies action, good or bad, religious or worldly.
Every action inevitably produces its own fruit, and the actor has necessarily to experience all the consequences of his own actions. A person’s behavior leads irrevocably to an appropriate reward or punishment commensurate with that behavior.
This is the law of karma, per Hinduism. The effects of all the actions which a person does cannot be experienced (lived) during one single existence, and hence the atman (soul) has to be reborn repeatedly.
So, it is believed that the soul from all eternity is undergoing birth and rebirth according to this inviolable law of karma. Thus is born the doctrine of the re-incarnation of the soul, which is a corollary of the doctrine of karma.
The entire process of reincarnation of the soul, according to the law of karma, is called karma-samsara.
Samsara is the beginning-less cycle of birth, death, and rebirth; a process provoked by karma. Life, therefore, is not limited to one birth and one death, but is instead a samsara, a migration which is determined by the law of karma.
In short, human life is a karma-samsara, a transmigration of the soul according to the inevitable law of retribution.
Though the idea of transmigration is a fundamental teaching of Hinduism, it has a firm hold on the mind of the people of India, not only Hindus, but also of Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs.
The belief in incarnation also suggests that a person’s sins of a previous life has prevented him from attaining mukti (salvation from the cycle of karma-samsara). Mukti implies that the atman can ultimately become one with the ultimate reality of God.
Muslim Beliefs
As is evident, Islam does not visualize such an eventuality for the human soul.
Islam accepts the idea that every soul has to face the consequences of its actions: There is no escaping it.
The Quran says:
{And Allah’s is what is in the heavens and what is in the earth, that He may reward those who do evil according to what they do, and (that) He may reward those who do good with goodness.} (Quran 53:31)
From the Islamic point of view, a dead man or women does not come back to earth again in another body to face the consequences of his or her earthly life; instead he or she faces a judgment which causes the soul to enjoy or endure its due.
Destiny & Freewill in Islam
Your reference to destiny in this context is also very proper. Qadr signifies the unavoidable destiny one must face.
The common belief about destiny is that our life is predetermined, and whatever we do here has no effect upon the future course of our life. Or it may be thus: our actions will inevitably lead to our predetermined destiny.
So, humans have no role here. But you can see that this belief negates freedom of will and action for humans.
Islam teaches that the Almighty God has given humans freedom, though within limits.
Human beings can exercise that freedom, and it is primarily based on the exercise of a person’s will in making a choice that he or she is faced with reward or punishment.
Islam does not believe in an unchanging law of karma and rebirth, where man is rather helpless.
Allah is the Cherisher and Ruler of the world. And Mercy as well as Justice are His attributes.
In His Justice, every deed or thought of evil has its consequence for the doer or thinker. But in this life, there is always room for repentance and amendment. As soon as this is forthcoming, Allah’s Mercy comes into action.
Salvation
Similarly, the word “salvation” is out of place in Islam, as it rejects the idea in its Hindu or Buddhist sense, as well as in its Christian sense.
In Hinduism and Buddhism, “salvation” means escape from the cycle of births and rebirths, which is irrelevant to the Islamic scheme of things. In the Christian sense, “salvation” means purification from original sin by the blood sacrifice of Christ.
As Islam rejects the concept of original sin, there is no need for such a purification, and there is no need for such a salvation.
Islam teaches that we need to accept God as the Almighty, All-Merciful Creator and Ruler of the World, and to live on earth according to the guidance He has given through His prophets.
Those who do this will succeed in their life, and those who do not do this will fail in life. Both groups face Divine Judgment, and both will get reward or punishment as they deserve, without the least bit of injustice being done. Allah says in Quran:
{My word shall not be changed, nor am I in the least unjust to the servants.} (Quran 50:29)
And Allah knows best.
Salam. Please keep in touch.
(From Ask About Islam archives)
Please continue feeding your curiosity, and find more info in the following links: